62±5.03mm, 29.72±2.79mm, 19.32±2.60mm and 20.89±3.06mm on the right side and 57.89±4.89mm, 31.21±2.95mm, 19.38±2.55mm and 21.25±2.81mm on the left side respectively. CONCLUSIONS The mean auricular index of the external ear of medical students was within the normal range as compared to the other studies conducted.INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which clear consciousness and the intellectual capacity are usually maintained, although certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of illness. Working memory impairment in schizophrenia affects the course, outcome, and quality of life of the patient significantly. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of working memory impairment in drug naive schizophrenic patients. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care hospital, from June 2015 to December 2015 after taking ethical clearance from institutional review board registration number 38970/062/063. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/d-1553.html Convenience sampling was done. The samples of 30 schizophrenic patients between the ages of 15 to 45 years were enrolled from the inpatient and outpatient unit of department according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected and entry was done in Epi Info, point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS The prevalence of working memory impairment was 26 (86.7%) in digit span forward test and 27 (90%) in digit span backward test. The mean age of patients was 27.5 years and the age of onset of schizophrenia was mainly in the age group between 16 to 25 years 16 (53.3%). CONCLUSIONS These finding suggests high prevalence of working memory impairment in schizophrenic patients.INTRODUCTION Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is a high priority for the government of Nepal, so the government has been scaling up Anti Retroviral Therapy centers throughout the country. The objective of our study was to find out the prevalence of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection on Anti Retroviral Therapy service. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in Lamjung district hospital, from May 2017 till August 2017 after taking ethical clearance from the institutional review committee. The study was done in 96 patients and convenience sampling was done. The data collected was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 17.0, point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS Out of the total 109 patients enrolled at the hospital, 85 (78%) were on ongoing Anti Retroviral Therapy. The predominant age group among patients using Anti Retroviral Therapy was 25-34 years 27 (31.7%) and the five most common clinical manifestation/opportunistic infections were fever 40 (47.1%), diarrhea 34 (40%), fatigue/generalized weakness 32 (37.6%), loss of appetite 25 (29.4%) and headache 18 (21.2%) among them. Out of total patients, 14 (12.8%) of our patients were under 14 years of age. We found 71 (83.6%) of the patients continued the original first-line regimen and in 14 (16.5%) one or two drugs were substituted in the original regimen. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed a similar prevalence of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection on Anti Retroviral Therapy service with the other studies done within Nepal.INTRODUCTION Additional anatomic features present on teeth are called non-metric dental traits. Carabelli's cusp and shovelling are such traits which are mostly evaluated for identification of ethnicity. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of Carabelli's cusp and shovelling among Indo-Nepalese and Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic group. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital from March 22 to June 22 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional review committee. The study was conducted among 274 patients and convenient sampling method was applied. Data were analyzed by the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. RESULTS Among 274 cases, 153 (55.84%) cases were Indo-Nepalese and 121 (44.16%) were TibetoNepalese. Carabelli's cusp (16/26) was noticed in 87 (56.86%) of Indo-Nepalese and 45 (37.19%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Shovelling (11, 12, 21, 22) was present in 47 (30.71%) Indo-Nepalese and 79 (65.28%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Further, Carabelli's cusp (16/26) was found in 77 (53.10%) females and 55 (55.12%) males. Shovelling was present in 75 (51.72%) females and 51 (39.53%) males. Bilateralism with respect to Carabelli's cusp was present in 82 (62.2%) cases. Presence of bilateral shovelling on upper central incisors and lateral central incisors were among 117 (94.35%) and 56 (91.80%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Carabelli's cusps are frequently found in Indo-Nepalese ethnic group and shovelling of teeth most commonly present in Tibeto-Nepalese population. Further, bilaterism for shovelling of teeth is more common than bilaterism for cusp of Carabelli.INTRODUCTION Dissociative disorder is one of the common psychiatric problems encountered very frequently in the hospital setting. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of dissociative convulsions type in patients suffering from dissociative disorder attending Psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital from February 2019 to July 2019 after taking ethical approval (MEMG/IRC/210/GA). The patients attending Psychiatry outpatient department of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal were included in the study. The diagnosis of dissociative convulsion and other types of dissociative disorder was done according to the International Classification of Disease-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders - Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used for the analysis of the data and point estimate at 95% Confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and the analysis was done. RESULTS Sixty six patients were included in the study. The prevalence of dissociative convulsion was 86.3% in the present study, at 95% Confidence interval, (78-94.6%). Five patients (7.6%) were found to be suffering from dissociative motor disorders and 4 (6.1%) patients were suffering from trance and possession disorder. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dissociative convulsion type is high in patients suffering from dissociative disorder in the Nepalese context. Future studies should be conducted to understand this disorder and to propose therapeutic guidelines.